^ Games and Fun with Playing Cards by Joseph Leeming on Google Books.

^ English pattern at the International Playing-Card Society.

^ Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society, p.

References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jacks (playing cards).

King, Queen, Knave, a novel by Vladimir Nabokov first published in Russian under his pen name, V.

'Lily, Rosemary and the Jack of Hearts', a song by Bob Dylan.

The Jack of Hearts, a 1919 short Western film.

The Jack of Hearts (Jack Hart), a Marvel Comics superhero.

Knave of Hearts, a 1954 film directed by René Clément.

Jack of Diamonds, the title used by George de Sand in the 1994 anime Mobile Fighter G Gundam.

'Jack of Diamonds', a traditional folk song.

The Jack of Diamonds, a group of artists founded in 1909 in Moscow.

The Knave of Hearts, a character in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

'The Jack', a song by AC/DC, in which the playing card is a metaphor for a sexually transmitted disease.

(Note the exclamation by Estella in Charles Dickens's novel Great Expectations: 'He calls the knaves, jacks, this boy!') Representations Books of card games published in the third quarter of the 19th century still referred to the 'knave' however, a term that is still recognized in the United Kingdom. The earliest deck known of this type is from 1693, but such positioning did not become widespread until reintroduced by Hart in 1864, together with the knave-to-jack change.

This confusion was even more pronounced after the markings indicating suits and rankings were moved to the corners of the card, a move which enabled players to 'fan' a hand of cards without obscuring the individual suits and ranks. However, because the card abbreviation for knave was so close to that of the king ('Kn' versus 'K'), the two were easily confused. The knave card had been called a jack as part of the terminology of the game All Fours since the 17th century, but this usage was considered common or low class. Although jack was in common usage to designate the knave, the term became more entrenched when, in 1864, American cardmaker Samuel Hart published a deck using 'J' instead of 'Kn' to designate the lowest-ranking court card. As early as the mid-16th century the card was known in England as the knave (meaning a male servant of royalty).

Rules of jacks